The authors found that less than half of the movies (49.6%) pass the Bechdel test. The authors used data from and added 343 analyses for movies that were missing in this database. In a study from 2022 that was published in the scientific journal Psychology of Popular Media, Bechdel test results of the 1200 most popular movies worldwide from 1980 to 2019 were presented. In a 2016 analysis of screenplays of 2,005 commercially successful films, Hanah Anderson and Matt Daniels found that in 82% of the films, men had two of the top three speaking roles, while a woman had the most dialogue in only 22% of films. Another study looking at the 700 top‐grossing films from 2007 to 2014 found that only 30% of the speaking characters were female. Īccording to a 2014 study by the Geena Davis Institute on Gender in Media, in 120 films made worldwide from 2010 to 2013, only 31% of named characters were female, and 23% of the films had a female protagonist or co-protagonist. Violence increased over time in male and female characters alike. Female characters were portrayed as being involved in sex twice as often as male characters, and their proportion of scenes with explicit sexual content increased over time. films from 1950 to 2006 showed that there were, on average, two male characters for each female character, a ratio that remained stable over time. In film, a study of gender portrayals in 855 of the most financially successful U.S. Female and male characters in film, according to four studies And how small a part of a woman's life is that. It was strange to think that all the great women of fiction were, until Jane Austen's day, not only seen by the other sex, but seen only in relation to the other sex. But almost without exception they are shown in their relation to men. They are now and then mothers and daughters. And I tried to remember any case in the course of my reading where two women are represented as friends. In her 1929 essay A Room of One's Own, Virginia Woolf observed about the literature of her time what the Bechdel test would later highlight in more recent fiction: Īll these relationships between women, I thought, rapidly recalling the splendid gallery of fictitious women, are too simple. History Gender portrayal in popular fiction After the test became more widely discussed in the 2000s, a number of variants and tests inspired by it emerged. Bechdel credited the idea to her friend Liz Wallace and the writings of Virginia Woolf. The test is named after the American cartoonist Alison Bechdel, in whose 1985 comic strip Dykes to Watch Out For the test first appeared. Media industry studies indicate that films that pass the test perform better financially than those that do not. Rather, the test is used as an indicator for the active presence of women in the entire field of film and other fiction, and to call attention to gender inequality in fiction. Passing or failing the test is not necessarily indicative of how well women are represented in any specific work. The requirement that the two women be named is sometimes added. The test asks whether a work features at least two women who talk to each other about something other than a man. The Bechdel test ( / ˈ b ɛ k d əl/ BEK-dəl), also known as the Bechdel-Wallace test, is a measure of the representation of women in film and other fiction. The test was created by and named after the American cartoonist Alison Bechdel. Measure of women's representation in fiction
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